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Literatur und Schriften
BAHUGUNA, A. (2015): New Species of Genus Sitana (Sauria: Agamidae) from Kalesar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Haryana, North Western India. – International Journal of Advanced Research, Volume 3, Issue 1, 526-535 CUVIER, G. (1829): Description genus Sitana and type species S. ponticeriana – In: Le Regne Animal Distribué, d'apres son Organisation, pur servir de base à l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'introduction à l'Anatomie Comparé. Nouvelle Edition [second edition]. Vol. 2. Les Reptiles. Déterville, Paris, i-xvi, 1-406. ERDELEN, W. (1998): The genera Otocryptis and Sitana (Sauria, Agamidae): geographic distribution, microhabitat use, and morphometric relations. – In: De Silva, A. (ed.): Biology and Conservation of the amphibians, reptiles and their habitats in south Asia. Amphibia and Reptile Research Organization of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya. 232-246. KAMATH, A. (2016): Variation in display behavior, ornament morphology, sexual size dimorphism, and habitat structure in the Fan-throated Lizard (Sitana, Agamidae). – J. Herpetol., 50 (3): 394-403. Fan-Throated Lizards (Sitana; Agamidae) are a widespread yet little-studied genus of lizards found in dry habitats throughout South Asia. Male lizards in this genus bear a fan-like structure under their throats that is displayed by rapid extension and retraction during the breeding season, particularly during courtship and male–male interactions. Throat-fans vary dramatically in both size and coloration across the genus, ranging from small and white to large and blue, black, and orange. In this paper, I investigate variation in throat-fan morphology and display behavior in eight populations of Fan-Throated Lizards. Displays of these lizards included partial and complete throat-fan extensions, changes in body position, rapid head-turning behavior, and occasional bipedality. Part of the variation in display behavior across these lizards was associated with throat-fan elaboration, and increased throat-fan size and coloration were associated with male-biased sexual size dimorphism but not with changes in habitat. These results suggest that sexual selection may underlie increases in both throat-fan size and coloration in the genus Sitana. Therefore, Fan-Throated Lizards are a promising system in which to further investigate the coevolution of different display components of a striking visual signal.
JERDON, T. C. (1870): Notes on Indian Herpetology. – Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1870: 66-85.
AMARASINGHE, A.A., INEICH, I. & D.M.S. KARUNARATHNA (2015): Two new species of the genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 (Reptilia, Agamidae) from Sri Lanka, including a taxonomic revision of the Indian Sitana species. – Zootaxa, 3915 (1): 67-98.
Bahir’s Fan-throated Lizard AMBEKAR, M., MURTHY, A. & Z.A. MIRZA (2020): A new species of fan-throated lizard of the genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 (Squamata: Agamidae)= from northern Karnataka, India. – Bonn zoological Bulletin, 69 (2): 157-164. A new species of fan-throated lizard of the genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 is described from northern Karnataka, India. The new species is similar to members of the clade of Sitana spinaecephalus Deepak et al., 2016, however, can be distinguished based on morphological as well as molecular data. Sitana dharwarensis sp. nov. differs from its sister species, S. laticeps Deepak & Giri, 2016 in bearing a much larger dewlap. Data from micro-CT scan of the cranium and jaws further add support to the distinctness of the new species. The rivers, namely Krishna and Tungabhadra, likely act as a biogeographic barrier for terrestrial lizard species.
SCHLEICH, H. H. & W. KÄSTLE (1998): Sitana fusca spec. nov., a further specimen from the Sitana sivalensis-complex. – In: SCHLEICH, H. H. & W. KÄSTLE (Eds.): Contributions to the Herpetology of South Asia (Nepal, India). – Fuhlrott-Museum, Wuppertal: 207-226.
Gokak fan-throated lizard DEEPAK, V., KHANDEKAR, A., CHAITANYA, R. & P. KARANTH (2018): Descriptions of two new endemic and cryptic species of Sitana Cuvier, 1829 from peninsular India. - Zootaxa 4434 (2): 327–365. Two new cryptic species of the agamid genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 from Peninsular India are described herein. Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. from Gokak, Karnataka closely resembles Sitana thondalu sp. nov. from Nagarjuna Sagar, Andhra Pradesh. The two species can be distinguished based on their subtle morphological differences, genetic difference and geo-graphic distribution. Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. have a relatively depressed head compared to Sitana thondalu sp. nov. Additionally, the vertebral scale counts differ in females of the two new species (Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. 45–47 vs Si-tana thondalu sp. nov. 49–53). Genetic divergence between them is comparable to those between previously described Sitana species. Furthermore, the two new species are distributed ca. 500 km apart and are endemic to their respective land-scapes that lie in similar latitudes of peninsular India. We urge the use of large sample size in new species descriptions especially those dealing with cryptic species like Sitana. The discovery of the two new cryptic species from these rocky terrains in peninsular India highlights need for more herpetological exploration in this region.
DEEPAK, V., GIRI, Varad B., ASIF, M., DUTTA, S.K., VYAS, R., ZAMBRE, A.M., BHOSALE, H., KARANTH & K. PRAVEEN (2016). "Systematics and phylogeny of Sitana (Reptilia: Agamidae) of Peninsular India, with the description of one new genus and five new species". Contributions to Zoology 85 (1).
BAHUGUNA, A. (2015): New Species of Genus Sitana (Sauria: Agamidae) from Kalesar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Haryana, North Western India. – International Journal of Advanced Research, Volume 3, Issue 1, 526-535. During extensive surveys at various localities of Kalesar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (District: Yammuna Nagar, Haryana) and other districts of Haryana, India, 11 specimens of the agamid lizard of Genus Sitana were collected. The collected specimens were examined based on morphometric and pholidosis characters as well as color pattern. Out of 11 specimens examined, nine were males and two were females and had characters different from those of other described allied species of the genus Sitana. Based on type locality, the species is thus named Sitana kalesari sp. nov. The species described belongs to the Sitana sivalensis complex, the small fanned sitana, which hitherto are known only from Nepal. Sitana kalesari sp.nov. can be distinguished from known congeners by SVL 22-23 mm, TL 41-45 mm, HL/HW 1.16, SVL/HL 3.1-3.28, FOL 7 mm in male (n=9); SVL 31-32 mm, TL 62 mm, HL/HW 1.28, SVL/HL 3.4-3.5 mm, FOT 16 mm in female; pholidosis supralabials 10/9 (left/right), infralabials 9/9 (left/right), number of large scales between tympanum and orbit 6/6 (left/right), mid dorsal longitudinal rows 10 in male,9 in female with triangle lozenge pattern.
Attenborough’s fan-throated lizard BALAN, A., JUDE, D., NARAYANAN, S. VARMA, S. & V. DEEPAK (2021): Morphological and genetic variation in populations of Sitana marudhamneydhal and the validity of Sitana attenboroughii. – Zootaxa, 4964 (3): 523-540. Dewlap morphology and body ratios are two of the main morphological characters used in delimiting Sitana spp. It becomes a statistical limitation when small samples are used in species descriptions, as outliers can be picked to be described as a distinct species. Genetic data has been used to support the distinctness of a species in Sitana. However, species with shallow genetic divergence becomes a problem if not thoroughly examined. We examine and report our findings on morphological and genetic differences in two populations of Sitana marudhamneydhal and one population of S. attenboroughii. The shallow genetic divergence and overlapping morphology shows that Sitana attenboroughii is a junior synonym of Sitana marudhamneydhal
Vierzehenagame / Fan-throated Lizard AKBARSHA, M.A., KADALMANI, B. & V. TAMILARASAN (2006): Histological variation along and ultrastructural organization of the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis of the fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier. – Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 87 (3): 181-196. The epididymis of the fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana was subjected to light and transmission electron microscopic analysis to find the histological variation along the ductus epididymidis, describe the various cell types in the epithelium and compare the resulting descriptions with what is known for other reptiles and for amniotes. The ductus epididymidis of this lizard is differentiated along its length into four histologically distinct zones, initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda. The first three zones appear to be associated with secretion and absorption/endocytosis whereas the cauda appears to be concerned with absorption/endocytosis and storage. The epithelium consists of six different cell types, principal, narrow, apical, clear, basal and intraepithelial leucocytes as in the mammals. Principal cells, basal cells and intraepithelial leucocytes are present along the entire length. Narrow cells and apical cells are confined to the initial segment whereas clear cells occur in the cauda only. The principal cells from the initial segment to the corpus produce biphasic secretion granules measuring 1–2 µm in diameter. This paper reports on four histologically distinct zones along the length of the ductus epididymidis of the lizard S. ponticeriana and six different cell types in the lining epithelium. AMARASINGHE, A.A., INEICH, I. & D.M.S. KARUNARATHNA (2015): Two new species of the genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 (Reptilia, Agamidae) from Sri Lanka, including a taxonomic revision of the Indian Sitana species. – Zootaxa, 3915 (1): 67-98. CAPTAIN, A. (2003): Das Portrait. Sitana ponticeriana CUVIER. – Sauria, Berlin, 25 (2): 3-15. (03.081) Inhalt: We analyzed the stomach contents of 296 Fan-throated Lizards (Sitana ponticeriana) from their natural habitat. Insects constituted the largest portion of the total diet. Insects comprised the majority of food items during the rainy and winter seasons, when this prey was most common. During the summer dry season, plant material was the dominant food type Gastropod intake increased during the dry months, when availability of insect prey was low. The dietary composition of the sexes did not differ. Prey size was closely associated with body size. This growth and demographic study of the Fan-throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana was conducted from 2001-2003 in a tropical environment at Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India. A total of 216 hours (9 hrs/day) of observation were made and 2612 (mean 217.66 ± 88.95) lizards were studied. The size structure between the demographic size classes such as juveniles, subadults and adults changed between the wet (rainy and winter) and dry (summer) seasons. Lizards exhibited a maximum 58-60 mm of SVL. Regression relationships were expressed as linear regression equations and revealed that males were slightly larger than females. Hatchlings were observed in the field between early July and mid-November. For three demographic size classes growth rates varied with season i.e., faster in wet season than dry season. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in growth rate. Lizards reached sexual maturity within a year. On average, the subadult and adult sexratio was close to 1:1; however, the data for each group indicated that there was greater abundance of males in the population during the dry than the wet season. Our results indicate that, like other lizard species, growth and demographic characteristics of S. ponticeriana populations fluctuate with the proximate seasons of a tropical environment in natural habitats. The agamid lizard Sitana ponticeriana shows complete loss of the fifth digit of the pes. This is unusual in a normal-limbed lizard and especially so as the region of the fifth digit serves as the focal point of the crural muscles operating to extend the foot. The pattern of digit reduction does not resemble that seen in lizards showing serpentiform tendencies. Sitana is bipedal at high speeds and has well developed, greatly elongated hind limbs. It thus provides an ideal natural experiment for testing recently advanced hypotheses concerning the functional role of the hooked fifth metatarsal and fifth digit of the pes in normal-limbed lizards. While the phalanges of the fifth digit and the shaft of the fifth metatarsal are absent, the proximal end of the fifth metatarsal remains, with a similar shape and topographic relationship to that seen in other lizards. The functional morphology of the remainder of the pes is only very slightly affected by the loss of the fifth digit indicating that it is functionally independent of the rest of the pes. The role of the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal as a 'heel bone' is strongly supported by the available evidence.
Diurnal variation in population densities of the lizard species — Calotes versicolor, Sitana ponticeriana, and Eutropis bibronii in relation to abiotic factors was studied near Chennai on coromandel coast, India. Higher densities of juveniles of S. ponticeriana were found in early morning (7:50 – 8:55 a.m.) in winter and summer while in southwest and northeast monsoon, the hatchlings were found in large numbers in the evenings (13:35 – 16:20 p.m.). Maximum densities of C. versicolor were found during 7:50 – 8:35 a.m. in winter and summer, 15:50 – 16:20 p.m. in southwest monsoon and 9:55 – 10:20 a.m. in northeast monsoon. Maximum densities of E. bibronii were found during the period 7:15 – 7:45 a.m. in winter, 7:55 – 8:30 a.m. in summer, 10:40 – 11:25 in southwest monsoon, and 8:30 – 9:00 a.m. in northeast monsoon. Juvenile population of S. ponticeriana in scrubland and adults of C. versicolor and E. bibronii, in salai and sand dunes, respectively showed significant relationships with air temperature (P < 0.01). The adult (P < 0.01) and hatchling (P < 0.05) of E. bibronii showed significant relationships with ground temperature. Total densities of adults, juveniles and hatchlings of C. versicolor were found to be influenced by all the abiotic variables (P < 0.05). The total population of E. bibronii showed significant correlation with air temperature (P < 0.01) and ground temperature (P < 0.05).
TRIVEDI, J.N., BAYANI, A.S., PRATYUSH, P. & B. SURESH (2011): Environmental factors do influence the nesting behaviour of fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana (Cuvier). – The Bioscan, 6 (4): 593-595. The extraneous factors those are driving the organism in nest site selection have received hardly any attention in nesting ecology studies despite their importance in drawing effective conservation and management programmes. The current study presents the results of a careful study made on the nest site selection and the behavioral mechanisms of Fan-throated Lizard, Sitana ponticeriana. The females were observed to show a choice for the selection of nesting sites, out of 10 nests 7 were found under a bush and the rest 3 nests were in the open ground. Temperature and humidity were observed to be the most important factors governing the nest site selection. Pseudo-nests were also recorded around the main nests that were made on open ground; which were perhaps constructed to deceive the predators and hence, protect the clutch. The activity of egg lying was found commences from late June and continued till the end of September. The clutch size was observed to be larger in the nests dug under the bush as compared to the nests that were constructed in the open ground. Though, parental care is not often seen in reptiles, the selection of cover to hide the clutch and construction of pseudo-nests observed in the current species has anything to indicate it is nothing but an ample testimony to the existence of primitive parental care in this group of animals. Sitana ponticeriana, Fan-throated Lizard is an oviparous agamid lizard which lays eggs into the nest which is a hole dug by female in the actively searched suitable nesting site. A study has been carried out to understand the egg laying behaviour of the species in wild. In situ observations have been done regarding the nesting site characteristics and nest structure. This study also focuses on the ethogram of nesting and egg-laying behaviour. Total 13 distinct patterns has been recorded and grouped into two phases as nesting and ovulation.
ANDERS, C. & W. KÄSTLE (2002): Sitana schleichi n. sp. – In: SCHLEICH, H. H. & W. KÄSTLE (Eds.): Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal. – A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell: 652-658.
ANDERS, C.C. & H.H. SCHLEICH (1998): Brief Notes on the Anatomy of the Female Urogenital Tract of Sitana sivalensis. – In: Schleich, H.H. & W. Kästle (Hrsg.): Contributions to the herpetology of south-Asia (Nepal, India). Fuhlrott-Museum, Wuppertal. 227-232. The urogenital system of a gravid female Sitana sivalensis is described and illustrated. Intraoviducal eggs are analysed. An overview of the opened pleuro-peritoneal cavity is given. Measurements of the position of following organs, relative to the tip of the snout, are mentioned: fat bodies, liver, kidneys and ovaries. Furthermore the different parts of the digestive tract are measured. SCHLEICH, H.H. & W. KÄSTLE (1998): Studies on the morphology of Sitana sivalensis spec. nov. and Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier, 1829. – In: Schleich, H.H. & W. Kästle (Hrsg.): Contributions to the herpetology of south-Asia (Nepal, India). Fuhlrott-Museum, Wuppertal. 101-120. SCHLEICH, H. H., W. KÄSTLE & K. B. SHAH (1998): Description of Sitana sivalensis spec. nov., (Sauria: Agamidae) from South Nepal. – In: SCHLEICH, H. H. & W. KÄSTLE (Eds.): Contributions to the Herpetology of South Asia (Nepal, India). – Fuhlrott-Museum, Wuppertal: 87-100.
DEEPAK, V., GIRI, Varad B., ASIF, M., DUTTA, S.K., VYAS, R., ZAMBRE, A.M., BHOSALE, H., KARANTH & K. PRAVEEN (2016). "Systematics and phylogeny of Sitana (Reptilia: Agamidae) of Peninsular India, with the description of one new genus and five new species". Contributions to Zoology 85 (1).
DEEPAK, V., TILLACK, F., KAR, N.B., SARKAR, V. & P.P. MOHAPATRA (2021): A new species of Sitana (Squamata: Agamidae) from the Deccan Peninsula biogeographic zone of India. – Zootaxa, 4948 (2): 261-274. We describe a new species of fan-throated lizard of the genus Sitana from the Deccan peninsula of India. The new species is from the Sitana sivalensis clade and can be readily diagnosed morphologically from S. sivalensis, S. fusca and S. schleichi by having the dewlap extending beyond forearm insertion. The new species differs from all other congeners in the combination of morphological characters such as a feebly serrated dewlap with a dark blue line on the throat in adult males (versus a well serrated dewlap with a bright blue patch and orange spots in S. ponticeriana complex), small body size (versus a large body size in S. gokakensis and S. thondalu) and a relatively smaller dewlap size (relatively larger in S. laticeps, S. spinaecephalus, S. dharwarensis, S. gokakensis, S. thondalu, S. marudhamneydhal, S. ponticeriana and S. visiri). The new species was found to be commonly distributed in arid and open habitats as well as in farmlands and plantations in northern Andhra Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh and most parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states
Nagarjuna Sagar fan-throated lizard DEEPAK, V., KHANDEKAR, A., CHAITANYA, R. & P. KARANTH (2018): Descriptions of two new endemic and cryptic species of Sitana Cuvier, 1829 from peninsular India. - Zootaxa 4434 (2): 327–365. Two new cryptic species of the agamid genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 from Peninsular India are described herein. Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. from Gokak, Karnataka closely resembles Sitana thondalu sp. nov. from Nagarjuna Sagar, Andhra Pradesh. The two species can be distinguished based on their subtle morphological differences, genetic difference and geo-graphic distribution. Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. have a relatively depressed head compared to Sitana thondalu sp. nov. Additionally, the vertebral scale counts differ in females of the two new species (Sitana gokakensis sp. nov. 45–47 vs Si-tana thondalu sp. nov. 49–53). Genetic divergence between them is comparable to those between previously described Sitana species. Furthermore, the two new species are distributed ca. 500 km apart and are endemic to their respective land-scapes that lie in similar latitudes of peninsular India. We urge the use of large sample size in new species descriptions especially those dealing with cryptic species like Sitana. The discovery of the two new cryptic species from these rocky terrains in peninsular India highlights need for more herpetological exploration in this region.
DEEPAK, V., GIRI, Varad B., ASIF, M., DUTTA, S.K., VYAS, R., ZAMBRE, A.M., BHOSALE, H., KARANTH & K. PRAVEEN (2016). "Systematics and phylogeny of Sitana (Reptilia: Agamidae) of Peninsular India, with the description of one new genus and five new species". Contributions to Zoology 85 (1). zurück / back |
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