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Literatur und Schriften
Schmetterlingsagamen Hybridization often occurs in areas of secondary contact between closely related species. In some cases these hybridization events can create hybrid offspring that are reproductively viable as new parthenogenetic species. The genus Leiolepis contains nine species that collectively range throughout continental Southeast Asia. Of these, four are unisexual (some diploid and some triploid). We analyzed a multi-locus dataset within a multi-lineage coalescent framework to infer the origins of these parthenogenetic hybrid species. Our results provide evidence that repeated hybridization events between L. reevesii and L. guttata have led to the formation of all four distinct parthenogenetic species. Our data further suggest there have been low levels of mitochondrial introgression between L. belliana and L. reevesii at their contact zone in southern Cambodia. This work addresses contentious species boundaries and provides the first taxon-complete hypothesis of relationships for the butterfly lizards.
Prachtschmetterlingsagame / Beauty Butterfly Lizard ANONYMOUS (1999): Echsen im Elchtest. – Reptilia, Münster, 4 (6); 10-11. BÖHME, W. (1982): Über die Schmetterlingsagamen, Leiolepis b. belliana (GRAY, 1827) der Malayischen Halbinsel und ihre parthenogenetischen Linien (Sauria: Uromastycidae). – Zool. Jb. Syst., Jena, 109: 157-169. BÖHME, W. (2003): Zur Kenntnis aggressiver Auseinandersetzungen frei lebender Schmetterlingsagamen (Gattung Leiolepis CUVIER), mit einer bei Wirbeltieren bisher unbekannten Lokomotionsform. – Draco, Münster, 4 (2):39. (03.115) COOPER, W.E. (2003): Food chemical discrimination by the omnivorous lizard Leiolepis belliana. – J. Herpetol., 37 (1): 189-190. The omnivorous acrodont lizard Leiolepis belliana was shown experimentally to respond more strongly to chemical cues from prey and plant food than from control stimuli, as indicated by tongue-flicking and biting responses. These results extend previous findings that prey and plant chemical discrimination is widespread among omnivorous iguanians.
Karyotypes of Calotes emma (Gray),1845, C. mystaceus (Dumeril & Bibron),1837, C. versicolor (Daudin),1802, and Draco belliana (Gray),1827 from the Phu Phan National Park (Thailand) were investigated. Three species of genus Calotes have the same karyotype consisting of 2n = 34, 6 pairs of macrochromosomes and 11 pairs of microchromosomes. Their macrochromosomes of pair number 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are metacentric, and 2 is submetacentric. Karyotype of D. belliana are different from others. There are 6 pairs of macrochromosomes, 11 pairs of intermediate size chromosomes and 2 pairs of microchromosomes. Its chromosomes of pair number 1, 3, 4, and 6 are metacentric, the pair number 2 and 5 are submetacentric. Its intermediate size chromosomes of pair number 7 - 15 seem to be metacentric and the last 2 pairs are microchromosomes.
KRYSKO, K.L. & K.M. ENGE (2005): A new non-native lizard in Florida, the Butterfly Lizard, Leiolepis belliana (Sauria: Agamidae). - Florida Scientist 68(4): 247-249. LOSOS, J.N.B., PAPENFUSS, T.J. & J.R. MACEY (1989): Correlates of sprinting, jumping and parachuting performance in the butterfly lizard, Leiolepis belliana. – J. Zool. London, 217: 559-568. MERTENS, R. (1961): Die Rassen der Schmetterlingsagame, Leiolepis belliana. - Senckenbergiana biologica, Frankfurt/Main, 42 (5/6): 507-510. NGO DAC CHUNG (1994): Morphological descriptions of the butterfly lizard Leiolepis belliana (Gray) in south Thua Thien – Hue Province. – Tap Chi Sinh Hoc 16 (1) Thang 3: 39-43. (in Vietnamesisch) REKUM, M. van (0000): De vlinderagaam Leiolepis belliana. – Lacerta: 61-62. RONG, S., LUO, Q. & S. DAI (1987): The karyotypes of Leiolepis belliana belliana. – Zool. Res., 8 (2): 164. (In Chinesisch). SRIKULNATH, K., MATSUBARA, K., UNO, Y., THONGPAN, A., SUPUTTITADA, S., NISHIDA, C., MATSUDA, Y. & A. APISITWANICH (2010): Genetic Relationship of Three Butterfly Lizard Species (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, Leiolepis belliana belliana, Leiolepis boehmei, Agamidae, Squamata) Inferred from Nuclear Gene Sequence Analyses. - Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 424-435. The genetic relationship was investigated of three butterfly lizard species (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, L. belliana belliana and L. boehmei) selectively inhabiting Thailand. The findings were based on RAG1 and C-mos gene analyses. The DNA sequences were also compared with the other squamate reptiles. The analysis strongly supported that L. reevesii rubritaeniata was related more closely to L. belliana belliana than to L. boehmei. The phylogenetic position of Leiolepis spp., however, was contentious with regard to its relationship among the Leiolepidinae, Agaminae and Chamaeleonidae, which suggested that their phylogeny remains uncertain.
Böhmes Schmetterlingsagame / Böhme´s Butterfly Lizard DAREVSKY, I.S. & L.A. KUPRIYANOVA (1993): Two new all-female lizard species of the genus Leiolepis CUVIER, 1829 from Thailand and Vietnam. – Herpetozoa, Wien, 6 (1/2): 3-20. (00.522) SRIKULNATH, K., MATSUBARA, K., UNO, Y., THONGPAN, A., SUPUTTITADA, S., NISHIDA, C., MATSUDA, Y. & A. APISITWANICH (2010): Genetic Relationship of Three Butterfly Lizard Species (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, Leiolepis belliana belliana, Leiolepis boehmei, Agamidae, Squamata) Inferred from Nuclear Gene Sequence Analyses. - Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 424-435. The genetic relationship was investigated of three butterfly lizard species (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, L. belliana belliana and L. boehmei) selectively inhabiting Thailand. The findings were based on RAG1 and C-mos gene analyses. The DNA sequences were also compared with the other squamate reptiles. The analysis strongly supported that L. reevesii rubritaeniata was related more closely to L. belliana belliana than to L. boehmei. The phylogenetic position of Leiolepis spp., however, was contentious with regard to its relationship among the Leiolepidinae, Agaminae and Chamaeleonidae, which suggested that their phylogeny remains uncertain.
Peters´ Schmetterlingsagame / Peters´ Butterfly Lizard DAREVSKY, I.S. & L.A. KUPRIYANOVA (1993): Two new all-female lizard species of the genus Leiolepis CUVIER, 1829 from Thailand and Vietnam. – Herpetozoa, Wien, 6 (1/2): 3-20. (00.522) SCHMITZ, A., VENCES, M., WEITKUS, S., ZIEGLER, T. & W. BÖHME (2001): Recent maternal divergence of the parthenogenetic lizard Leiolepis guentherpetersi from L. guttata: molecular evidence (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae). – Zool. Abh. Dresden, 51 (21): 355-360.
Vietnamesische Schmetterlingsagame / Spotted Butterfly Lizard CUVIER, G. (1829): Description of the genus Leiolepis and type species guttata. - In: “Le Regne Animal Distribué, d'apres son Organisation, pur servir de base à l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'introduction à l'Anatomie Comparé”. Nouvelle Edition [second edition]. Vol. 2. Les Reptiles. Déterville, Paris, i-xvi, 1-406. MERTENS, R. (1961): Die Rassen der Schmetterlingsagame, Leiolepis belliana. - Senckenbergiana biologica, Frankfurt/Main, 42 (5/6): 507-510. SCHLÜTER, U. (2003): Im Porträt: die Vietnamesische Schmetterlingsagame (Leiolepis guttata CUVIER, 1829). – Draco, Münster, 4 (2): 40-41. Inhalt: Verbreitung: Lebensraum, Beschreibung, Größe, Geschlechtsunterschiede, Lebensweise und Verhalten, Fortpflanzung, Ernährung. SCHMITZ, A., VENCES, M., WEITKUS, S., ZIEGLER, T. & W. BÖHME (2001): Recent maternal divergence of the parthenogenetic lizard Leiolepis guentherpetersi from L. guttata: molecular evidence (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae). – Zool. Abh. Dresden, 51 (21): 355-360. STRUIJK, R. (2000): Verzorging en succesvolle incubatie van de reuzenvlinderagaam (Leiolepis guttata, CUVIER 1829). – Lacerta 58 (2): 35-40. At the beginning of March, I purchased a beauti fu l pair giant butterfly agamas (Leiolepis guttata). The female was pregnant. This species (one our of fi ve) can be found in T hailand, Laos, Vietnam and South C hina where it inh ibits intermediate areas between forests and areas that are more open. Except for this bit of information, there is little useful known about these creatures so I had to find out how to keep them successfully o n my own. With the idea of the pregnant female in my mind, I housed male and female individually to minimize stress. T he tempe- Leiolepis gtttrata man Lacerta 58(2) * 2000 Leiolepis guttata jong rature of the terrariums is kept at 27 - 29°C with a basking spot of 30 - 32°C. Humidity is kept at a reasonable high level by frequently misting. Bottom substrate exists of a sand pear-mixture (4: l) from which I made a small hill on one side of the terrariums so they could dig their own burrow. Be sure the burrow cannot collapse by keeping the substrate moist! Anoth er recommendable item is to provide the lizards with some branches in which they can and will climb. The diet of the lizards co mains crickets, mealworms, super worms, earthworms, wax worms, fruit and vegetables. T his way of mainrenance seems to work fine, having healthy active lizards as a resul t. Five days after acquiring the lizards, the female laid five eggs, which were put in an incubator ("au-bain marie"). I tried to keep the tempera[Ure at 29°C- 30°C and misted the eggs frequently. After 64 days one of the eggs hatched giving me a 12,5 em. tall young gianr butterfly agamic!. The youngster was (eventually) housed in a small aquarium with beach sand floor coverage. His care is the same as that of the adults although he does not eat much and he does not grow fast. Nevertheless, he looks very healthy.
Ngo Van Tri’s Lady Butterfly Lizard GRISMER, J.L. & L.L. GRISMER (2010): Who’s youre mommy? Identifying maternal ancestors of asexual species of Leiolepis Cuvier, 1829 and the description of a new endemic species of asexual Leiolepis Cuvier, 1829 from Southern Vietnam. – Zootaxa, 2433: 47-61.
Augenfleck-Schmetterlingsagame / Ocellated Butterfly Lizard PAUWELS, O.S.G. & C. CHIMSUNCHART (2007): Die Augenfleck-Schmetterlingsagame Leiolepis ocellata Peters, 1971 in Thailand. – elaphe N.F., Rheinbach, 20 (1): 60-62. PETERS, G. (1971): Die intragenerischen Gruppen und die Phylogenese der Schmetterlingsagamen (Agamidae: Leiolepis). – Zool. Jb. (Syst.),98: 11-130. PROMNUN, P., KONGRIT, C., TANDAVANITJ, N., TECHACHOOCHERT, S. & J. KHUDAMRONGSAWAT (2020): Predicting Potential Distribution of an Endemic Butterfly Lizard, Leiolepis ocellata (Squamata: Agamidae). - Tropical Natural History 20 (1): 60-71. PROMNUN, P., TANDAVANITJ, N., KONGRIT, C., KONGSATREE, K., KONGPRAPHAN, P., DONGKUMFU, W. & J. KHUDAMRONGSAWAT (2021): Phylogeography and ecological niche modeling reveal evolutionary history of Leiolepis ocellata (Squamata, Leiolepidae). - Ecology and Evolution, 2021.
Burma-Schmetterlingsagame / Burmese Butterfly Lizard
Reeves Schmetterlingsagame / Reeves´ Butterfly Lizard DU, Y., CHI-XIAN, L., LONG-HUI, L., QING-BO, Q. & J. XIANG (2011): Ontogenetic shifts in sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Reeves’s Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis reevesii from Hainan, China. – Journal of Herpetology, 45 (4): 399-405. GOLDBERG, S.R., BURSEY, C.R. & L.L. GRISMER (2019): Endoparasiten der Schmetterlingsagame Leiolepis reevesii (Squamata: Agamidae) aus China. – Sauria, Berlin, 41 (3): 55-56. GRISMER, J.L. (2009): Who’s who – The specific status of Leiolepis belliana and Leiolepis reevesi. - Abstracts of presentations hold on DeAGAMIS the 1st International Symposium on Agamid Lizards. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, Bonn, 56 (4): 302. HUA, L., MAO, L.X., CHEN, C., GAO, J.F. & L.H. LIN (2012): Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Reevese’s butterfly lizard Leiolepis reevesii (Agamidae). – Conservation Genetics Resources, 4 (3): 791-794. We characterize 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from Leiolepis reevesii genomic libraries. Thirty-four individuals were collected from two populations, eighteen from a mainland population in Xuwen, Guangdong, and the remaining 16 from an island population in Haikou, Hainan. These markers revealed a relatively high degree of genetic diversity (2–18 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity (H O ranged from 0.000–0.938, and H E ranged from 0.160–0.954). Eight loci exhibited significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) after sequential Bonferroni correction due to heterozygote deficiencies, but only one locus (L311) with low heterozygosity in one population did significantly deviate from HWE in the other. Inbreeding may explain the deviations from HWE. There was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium among pairs of loci in the samples. These microsatellite markers will be useful for future studies focusing on gene flow, population structure and evolutionary history of L. reevesii.
BORISOV, I.V. (2010): Captive care and breeding of Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata Mertens, 1961 in a terrarium. - Current Studies in Herpetology, 10 (3/4): 132–137. Data on captive care and breeding of the butterfly lizards Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata in a terrarium are presented. Information on the terrarium design, adaptation, feeding, behavior and breeding of these animals is considered. The present study aims to construct the karyotype and idiogram of the Northeastern butterfly lizard (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata). Specimens were collected from Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. Lizard chromosome preparation was conducted by the squash technique using bone marrow and testis. Conventional staining and NOR-banding techniques were applied to stain the chromosomes with Giemsa’s solution. The results showed that the number of diploid chromosome is 2n=36, while the fundamental number (NF) is 24 in both males and females. The types of macrochromosomes were six large metacentric, four medium metacentric, two small metacentric, and 24 microchromosomes. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are located at the secondary constriction of long arm chromosomes, near the telomeres of the largest metacentric chromosomes. The karyotypes are not different for the sex chromosomes of both males and females. The karyotype formula is as follows: 2n (36)=L6 m+M4 m+S2 m+24 microchromosomes. The genetic relationship was investigated of three butterfly lizard species (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, L. belliana belliana and L. boehmei) selectively inhabiting Thailand. The findings were based on RAG1 and C-mos gene analyses. The DNA sequences were also compared with the other squamate reptiles. The analysis strongly supported that L. reevesii rubritaeniata was related more closely to L. belliana belliana than to L. boehmei. The phylogenetic position of Leiolepis spp., however, was contentious with regard to its relationship among the Leiolepidinae, Agaminae and Chamaeleonidae, which suggested that their phylogeny remains uncertain. The butterfly lizard (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata) has the diploid chromosome number of 2n=36, comprising two distinctive components, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. To clar[1]ify the conserved linkage homology between lizard and snake chromosomes and to delineate the process of karyotypic evolution in Squamata, we constructed a cytogenetic map of L. reevesii rubritaeniata with 54 functional genes and compared it with that of the Japanese four-striped rat snake (E. quadrivirgata, 2n=36). Six pairs of the lizard macrochromosomes were homologous to eight pairs of the snake macro[1]chromosomes. The lizard chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 6 corresponded to the snake chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and Z, respectively. LRE3p and LRE3q showed the homology with EQU5 and EQU4, respectively, and LRE5p and LRE5q corresponded to EQU7 and EQU6, respectively. These results suggest that the genetic linkages have been highly conserved between the two species and that their karyotypic difference might be caused by the telomere-to-telomere fusion events followed by inactivation of one of two centromeres on the derived dicentric chromosomes in the lineage of L. reevesii rubritaeniata or the centric fission events of the bi-armed macrochromosomes and subsequent centromere repositioning in the lineage of E. quadrivirgata. The homology with L. reevesii rubritaeniata microchromosomes were also identified in the distal regions of EQU1p and 1q, indicating the occurrence of telomere-to-telomere fusions of microchromosomes to the p and q arms of EQU1.
Malayische Schmetterlingsagame / Thai Butterfly Lizard, Malayan Butterfly Lizard GRISMER, L.L., ANUAR, S., WOOD, P.L., MUIN, M.A. & N. NUROLHUDA (2008): Geographic distribution: Leiolepis triploida (Malaysian Butterfly Lizard). – Herpetol. Rev., 39 (2): 238-239. YONG, H.S., YAP, K., ELABUT, D., LIM, P.E. & C. K. LEE (2011): Malaysian Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis triploida (Reptilia, Squamata: Leiolepidae) in Clearwater Sanctuary, Perak: geographical range extension in Peninsular Malaysia. - Journal of Science and Technology in the Tropics 7: 87-89. The Malaysian Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis triploida is known from the inland areas of Perlis, Kedah and Seberang Perai (Penang) in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The present finding of this butterfly lizard in Clearwater Sanctuary, Batu Gajah, Perak Darul Ridzuan has extended its known geographical range further south in Peninsular Malaysia. It remains to be established how far south it would spread, how widespread it is in Peninsular Malaysia, and whether it would displace the existing populations of the Common Butterfly Lizard Leiolepis belliana. |
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